Abortion Essay - The Church Was Pro-Choice -- Argumentative Persuasive

The Church Until Recently Was Pro-Choice      Ã‚   From a sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, by the Rev. Elaine Gallagher Gehrmann:    Most of us know that the Roman Catholic church teaches that life begins at conception, and yet most of us don't know that this is a relatively recent change. It wasn't until 1869 that Pope Pius IX decreed that "ensoulment" takes place at conception. Up until then, the Catholic church had taught that "life" begins at 40 days gestation for a male and 80 days for a female, and therefore abortions before those 40 or 80 day periods were not viewed as murder. (Gehrmann)    The above claim that before 1869 the Catholic Church did not oppose abortion and the sometimes accompanying claim that Catholic theology held that the father provided the soul to the fetus are both false. Further, the allegation that the Catholic Church which has consistently opposed contraception would be indifferent to induced abortion must be considered suspect on its face.    By way of background: St. Paul in his epistle to the Galatians uses the Greek word "pharmakeia" in condemning the effects of self-indulgence which can include abortion and other uses of drugs with magical or evil intent. The first recorded explicit "Catholic" opposition to abortion can be found in the Didache (written circa 80 AD). Though it was not included in the Canon of the Bible, the Didache condemned abortion as "the way of death" by men who are "killers of children." The letter of Barnabas written around 140 AD also condemned abortion: "Thou shalt not kill the fetus by an abortion or commit infanticide." (Jurgens)    St. John Chrysostom, one of the Greek... ...omas. "Treatise on Man." Summa Theologica." Question 90.    Gehrmann, Elaine Gallagher. Sermon delivered on February 15, 1998 at the Unitarian Universalist Church of Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. http://www.rcrc.org/current/roevwade29.htm    Jurgens, William A. The Faith of the Early Fathers. N.p.: Liturgical Press, 1998.    McHugh, John, O.P., and Charles J. Callahan, O.P. Translation and Notes -- Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests. 11th edition. New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., 1949.    Noonan, John A. Jr. editor. The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,1970.    -- -- -- . Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1966.   

Illusive Infatuation

Illusive Infatuation Growing up I did not believe in the concept of love and long term relationships. My family members consisted of mainly single women. All of which were bitter and unable to maintain healthy relationships with men. Divorce seemed to be second nature to me. My mother along with several other close female members have all been married three or more times. This made me want to stray away from relationships and love in general. As I got older I realized that most of the time they seemed to rush into love based off early infatuation, lust, and their biological clocks ticking.I have learned from all of their situations. I realized that many people, not just in my family, marry quickly based off â€Å"love at first sight. † It seems many don’t seem to take the time to know the person they are committing to. It makes me wonder what the rush is all about. I have decided to put a three year waiting period on any relationships I enter. I want to make sure I know someone and that I am marrying for more than love and infatuation. I do not want to fall in the deception of confusing â€Å"puppy love† with the real thing. I have based my realizations off of my personal experiences.I do wonder if there have been accounts of people marrying in short periods of time and actually staying together for 20 or more years. I have heard of instances of arranged marriages working out in that manner but most were kept for political or family reasons. I have yet to see a genuine story of a couple marrying during the fascination phase of early relationships and actually staying together. I would like to explore more into the depths of how and why we fall in love. Is it possible for someone such as myself to find happiness even when I have only seen the negative outcomes in relationships?Is loneliness the better option? As a child of a divorcee, it led me to feel hopeless and apprehensive towards commitment. In Eve LaPlante’s article entitled â €Å"Breakfast† she states that: â€Å"Like many offspring of divorce, I grew up with a poignant sense of loss. Besides  the trauma of the breakup and its aftermath, there’s the prolonged pain of missing  one parent and the security of an intact family. During my teens, I dreamed of a  future happy family, but believed my chances of ever attaining one were in? nitesimal. I felt inadequate as a potential marital partner; my parents’ divorce served  as a scar. (LaPlante, 476 ) This excerpt was comforting. This was exactly how I felt through most of my younger years all the way up until adulthood. I felt hopeless and considered any relationships that I pursued to be temporary. LaPlante, however, isn’t discouraged for long. She ends up falling in love. This article is actually written fifteen years after marrying her soulmate. She says her success is based off of â€Å"the ability to be grateful for comparative happiness (LaPlante,476 ). † I to ok this to mean that even though marriage is not perfect, if they compared their happiness to others they would be satisfied.This article definitely made me feel as if there is still hope for my own romantic future. The fact that her outlook went from a bitter young woman that dreaded the idea of marriage and was â€Å"almost turned off marriage forever† (LaPlante,476) to a charismatic happily married woman is astounding. She states that â€Å"Marriage is good for my body as well as my soul. I like my physical self more than I did before. David ? nds me beautiful, which helps me feel beautiful. To be   known by him is part of the pleasure: we have nothing to hide. I ? d every human  detail of him delightful, no less so as we age (LaPlante,477). † It gives me the feeling that my past does not have to determine my future. My outlook can change. Even with the success shown in LaPlante’s article I do realize that those results are not always typical. Is loneline ss the better solution? It would allow me to skip over the failures, heartbreaks, and all the awkwardness in between. In the article â€Å"Loneliness and Isolation† by Jean M. Twenge she states that: â€Å"Isolation and loneliness readily lead to anxiety and depression. A mountain of  scienti? evidence links loneliness (and being alone) with negative mental health  outcomes. Single and divorced people are signi? cantly more likely to become depressed or suffer other mental health problems. Even people in unhappy marriages are happier than those who divorce. † (Twenge, 456) This leads me to believe that even an unhappy marriage is better than going through life alone. I am not sure I entirely believe that. I understand that loneliness can account for severe depression but I think there are many other things we can focus on throughout life that make us happy.The reference to her friend â€Å"Peter† is very saddening. He spends his time being rejected via perso nal ads and spends his weekends alone. I honestly think he could take up another hobby, make friends, and enjoy life in other ways rather than just searching for a mate. A very good example of why spending all your time searching for love and maintaining relationships does not always work is displayed in the author’s story of Leslie: â€Å"The cycle of meeting someone, falling in love and breaking up is a formula for anxiety and depression. .  . In college, many people ? nd that their romantic relationships are a lifeline in an otherwise lonely place—until the relationship ends. Leslie, 20, went through a breakup a month ago. â€Å"He was basically my whole life besides school and family,† she says. â€Å"Now I am very lonely and depressed because I don’t have many friends and the friends I do have are all away at their colleges. †(Twenge,455) If Leslie did not devote all her time to her relationship and her quest for love then she would not hav e lost as much as she did. It seems as if it works both ways.Breakups and divorces can lead to depression just as fast as loneliness. It seems that either way you end up taking a risk. The fact that divorce rates for first marriages are at 41% (DivorceRate. org ) is even more a deterrent from marriage. I still believe I would rather take my chances with loneliness. I believe I would end up losing far less and involving less people. What exactly is love? I know that I cannot possibly keep up this idea of romanticism for a lifetime. There must be much more to real love outside of the idea of love based off romance and lust.In the article â€Å"Grown up love† by Joan Konner she states that: â€Å"In America we live in a culture that glori? es passionate, romantic love. Our  friends are in love, dreaming or daydreaming of it, waiting and dating to fall into  it. Women and men begin new lives in love. Romantic love is our inspiration, our  motivation—our reason to be . Romance is a cultural obsession, an imperial ideal. We believe that love can be found, here and now and forever, in an instant, across  a crowded room—or tomorrow, just around the corner. It can—but rarely. In reality, romance is more ? eting and more dangerous  than we are told, more complicated than we could have imagined, more elusive  than we’ve been led to believe. Love is a promise made every day only to be  broken tomorrow. †( Konner, 485) This goes deeper into the psyche that most of us have as we grow older. Our culture glorifies romantic love, lust, and passion rather than the actual hardships of maintaining real love. It makes us to believe that we cannot live a fulfilled life without it. We are fed fairytales of lifelong love, princes with magic kisses, and images of happy families in the media.We never truly learn the difference between infatuation, romance, and real love. The author states that she wants to â€Å"distinguish love f rom romance, to explore the ideal of true love, or real love (Konner,485). † We often cannot determine the difference between temporary infatuation and â€Å"puppy love. † This could be another main focus in the causes of divorce and breakups. The author goes on to say that â€Å"The fact that we say ‘romance’ when we mean ‘love’ shows  us that underneath our language there is a psychological muddle. .  . We are con- fusing two great psychological systems within us, and this has a devastating effect  on our lives and our relationships (Konner,485) . † This inability to separate romance from real life could be the reason why many tend to marry so quickly based off those initial feelings rather than taking the time to actually fall in love with someone completely. I have learned that no matter what lifestyle I choose whether it is being a wife or a happily single woman that it will come with hardships. If I am ever able to find someo ne that I am truly compatible with then I should take more time to get to know them.I should develop a foundation and wait for the initial infatuation and romance phase to subside so that I can make a clear decision on a lifelong commitment. I no longer believe that I am prey to the past of my family members when it comes to romance. I just need to make better decisions in choosing a mate and if I can’t find one then I can lead a happy life regardless. I should find fulfillment within myself rather than completely confiding in a mate for it. Works Cited Konner, Joan. â€Å"Grown Up Love. † The Aims of Argument: A Text and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed.New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 485-87. Print. LePlante, Eve. â€Å"Breakfasts. † The Aims of Argument: A Text and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 475-78. Print. â€Å"Marriage and Divorce. † Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 05 Oct. 2010. Web. 26 Feb. 2012. . Twenge, Jean M. â€Å"Loneliness and Isolation. † The Aims of Argument: A Text and Reader. By Timothy W. Crusius and Carolyn E. Channell. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2011. 454-57. Print.

How Did Contact Between The European Arrivals And The...

REFLECTION QUESTIONS: Directions: Answers MUST be at least two paragraphs long (eight total sentences of information) and have at least 3-4 sentences of critical thought about the information you present. How did contact between the European arrivals and the native peoples of the Americas affect both groups? Europeans brought to the Americas catastrophic diseases that killed millions and decimated native populations, who possessed no immunity to the illnesses. The Europeans also had deliberate policies of subjugation and extermination, by which they brutally tortured or murdered natives due to the Europeans history of brutality in war and their consideration of the natives as no more than savages. The Europeans also introduced some beneficial elements. These included important crops such as sugar and bananas, domestic livestock such as cattle and pigs, and the horse. They also taught the natives the Spanish and Portuguese languages, though the natives came to create a large number of dialects that mixed elements of their own language with that of the new Europeans. In return, the natives put their newly-claimed land to good use by learning appropriate agricultural techniques from the natives. They were introduced to new crops that eventually found their way into the European diet, including but not limited to corn, potatoes, tomatoes, and beans. The Europeans also inter-married with the natives, though this was often without consent of the latter. These pairings createdShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Reverend John Heckewelders The Arrival Of The Europeans1182 Words   |  5 PagesFirst contact between the Indigenous Americans and Europeans is perhaps one of the most impactful points in Native American history, setting an important precedent for the power dynamic during the next century. 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In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, hence the working language of that country to this day is Portuguese, while most of the rest of the continent speaks Spanish. On 1 August 1498, during his third voyage

Watt Surname Meaning and Origin

The Watt  surname derives from early forms of the personal name Walter. The popular Middle English given names Wat and Watt were pet forms of the name Walter, meaning powerful ruler or ruler of the army, from the elements wald, meaning rule, and heri, meaning army. Watt is the 80th most common surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  Scottish,  English Alternate Surname Spellings: WATTS,  WATTE,  WATTIS, WATS  See also WATSON. Where Do People with the Watt Surname Live According to WorldNames PublicProfiler, the last name Watts is most common in Wales, especially Pembrokeshire, as well as Somerset, Gloucester, and Northampton counties in England. The Watt spelling (without the s) is much more common in Scotland, as well as County Tyrone in Northern Ireland. Both names are also popular in Australia and New Zealand. Interestingly, the Watt spelling is more common in the Canada, while Watts is found more frequently in the United States. Surname distribution data from Forebears also puts Watt as most frequently found in Scotland. In 1881 the name was most commonly found in Banffshire where it ranked 5th, as well as East Lothian (#11), Aberdeenshire (#20) and  Kincardineshire (#21). In contrast, the Watts surname is more common in Wales (#128), England (#139), Australia (#151), New Zealand (#252) and the United States (#323) than it is in Scotland, where it ranks 692nd most common. Famous People with the Watt Surname James Watt - Inventor of the modern steam engine- NFL football playerAndrà © Watts - German pianistCharlie Watts - English drummer, best known for being part of the  famed rock n roll group The Rolling StonesReggie Watts - German-born musical comedianIsaac Watts -  English Christian minister, hymn writer and theologian; author of the Christmas hymn Joy to the World Genealogy Resources for the Surname Watt 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Watt/Watts/Watson Family Reconstruction ProjectOver 150 group members belong to this Y-DNA surname project, working together to combine DNA testing with traditional genealogy research to sort out Watt, Watts and Watson ancestral lines. Watt Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Watt family crest or coat of arms for the Watson surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   WATT Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Watt surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Watt query. FamilySearch - WATT GenealogyAccess over 8 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Watt surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. WATT Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Watt surname. You can also browse or search the list archives to explore previous postings for the Watt surname. DistantCousin.com - WATT Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Watt. The Watt Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Watt from the website of Genealogy Today.----------------------- References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia.  Bergenfield, NJ:  Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Hoffman, William F. Polish Surnames: Origins and Meanings.  Chicago:  Polish Genealogical Society, 1993. Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow.  Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Penalizing Profanity Promotes Use of It Essay - 874 Words

Penalizing Profanity Promotes Use of It Profane language is used once every six minutes on network television shows, every two minutes on premium cable shows, and every three minutes in major motion pictures, according to a new study by the Centre for Media and Public Affairs ¹. Upon learning this information, one would make the assumption that profanity is another common attribute to our daily lives, such as brushing our teeth. But what is profane language? Websters dictionary defines it as being the condition or quality of being profane - abusive, vulgar, or irreverent - and the use of such language. However, although society is being exposed to this coarse language repeatedly, many are still being penalized for using it in†¦show more content†¦Why? Because of the Toronto District School Boards Zero Tolerance  ². However, the usage of tobacco and alcohol is also liable to a 20-day suspension. Whether this was intended for or not, the TDSB is promoting the image that usage of profane language is equivalent to that of tobacco and alcohol. Its guidelines state that The Toronto District School Board is committed to providing a safe learning and working environment for all students, staff and visitors to our schools. This statement leads one to bel ieve that the TDSBs mission is to keep its students safe by omitting and eliminating safety hazards. Does a swearing person generate a safety hazard? The clear answer is no. Some people have taken the usage of profane language as far as legal punishment. During an incident in Standish, Michigan in August of 1998, a man was charged for using profane language, in accordance to a 104-year-old law, which forbids cussing in front of women and children. ³ The incident began when 24-year-old Timothy Boomer fell out of his canoe while heading down stream. As he flopped in the water, he began yelling in the direction of his friends, inadvertently using profanity as a means to attract their attention, as well as communicate urgency. Shortly following his outburst, his friends learned of three sheriffs deputies on the riverbank staring at them with binoculars. To their dismay, one of the deputies handed Boomer a misdemeanour citation. The charge:Show MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! Collaborate with your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual and live events, and view resources www.WhereFacultyConnect.com Pre-loaded, ready-to-use assignments and presentations www.wiley.com/college/quickstart Technical Support 24/7 FAQs, online chat, and phone support www.wileyplus.com/support Your WileyPLUS Account Manager Training and implementation support www.wileyplus.com/accountmanager

Process of Global Procurement-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Process of Global Procurement. Answer: Summary: The global procurement is the process which focuses on different approaches to take appropriate purchase decision. The RAH project requires big procurement decision related to the structural components, support services, HVAC, equipment, lighting, and other finishing elements. There are five stages in the procurement processes which are categorised as identification and analysis, profiling of the supplier market, development of the market engagement strategy, executing the strategy based on market engagements, and implementation of the contract and performance management. The complexity of the goods and services purchase can be overcome by implementing the procurement methods such as open tendering methods, direct procurement negotiation, limited tendering methods, competitive bidding, contracts between public private partnership, and single source. The Efficiency of the strategy can be measured in terms of public private partnership. The PPP contracts are mainly developed in the projects related to transport, water, power, environment, and telecommunication. The different approaches which are included in the procurement processes are planning, designing, constructing, financing, and other mitigation processes. The correct procurement can be implemented by determining the objectives, setting the priorities of the scope procurement, determining the procurement methods, preparing for the tender evaluation plan, evaluation of submissions and conclusion of the tender process, and finally the closure of the contract. The alternative methods which is used for procurement process is traditional design and manage procurement methods. The quality of the overall design can be improved by direct influence with the procurement methods. The Adelaide state government focuses on providing sustainability and development of the medical system, providing more jobs opportunity in the medical sector, and providing relevant medical and clinical services. The PPP contract is developed between state and state health. The RAH is equipped with challenges like complexity in the business case, modification in the design, and others. The goal of the RAH is to promote innovation in the health sector. The risks which are associated with the procurement methods are delay in the project, failure of the cost pressure in meeting contract requirements, management of the industrial disputes, and inadequacy in the health ICT systems, no coordination between RAH site, inefficiency in staff training, benefits and outcome related to inadequate delivery. The risks factors which are associated with the RAH projects are improving the project governance, no proper documentation, consequences associated with strategic risks, lack of transparency i n conceptual framework, timing and cost issue, procurement issue, delay in the ICT system, inefficient training to the staff members, and others.

Rational Criticism in Knowledge Claims Essay Example

Rational Criticism in Knowledge Claims Paper Criticism, as proposed by Karl Popper, is the lifeblood of all rational thought. At a first glance, one may agree with this because by critically questioning or evaluating the validity of a knowledge claim through reason, it can provide one with certainty and truth. However, the assertion that: All knowledge claims should be open to rational criticism gives us an alternative judgement as the word should is not definitive and this perhaps suggests that it is necessary to consider other viewpoints. Through inductive and deductive reasoning, we can test knowledge claims and indicate the grounds of which the claim is based on. Yet, as evidenced by Victor Johnsons hedonic tone theory and the notion of altruism, emotion plays an important role in our reasoning process which asks the question of whether rational criticism is free of these emotional motives. In mathematics, people tend to accept knowledge claims like: the sum of a triangles internal angles is equal to 180 degrees, without a rational basis. A growing number of people believe that the arts are subjective or based on personal taste because of its abstract nature, which may suggest that these knowledge claims are not open to rational criticism in the first place. Although we can examine various knowledge claims using inductive and deductive reasoning, this process might not be applicable to all areas of knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on Rational Criticism in Knowledge Claims specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rational Criticism in Knowledge Claims specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rational Criticism in Knowledge Claims specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For most, certainty is possible in rudimentary arithmetic as few doubt that 1 + 1 = 2; although this claim can be rationally criticized, many of us do not question its validity because the definition of two is two ones. This possibility of certainty, however, does not apply to all areas of mathematics, especially in complex theorems that need to be vigorously tested before publication. Although mathematics may require the use of various syllogisms like logic, the validity of deductive reasoning is based upon the logic of the argument and not the truth of its foundation. This truth is assumed to be correct: for mathematics, however, this truth is compulsory in order for us to continue with the deductive process. Kurt Gdel, a prominent mathematician, proposes that it is impossible to prove the consistency of arithmetic, which is to say, [there is] no rigorous proof that the basic axioms of arithmetic do not lead to a contradiction at some point. (Is Arithmetic Consistent?) So, when different branches of mathematics are used in order to prove something more abstract such as modelling real life phenomena, there exists difficulty in detecting which claims are made from falsely assumed truths or contradictions. One can find truth in mathematics using deductive reasoning; however, this truth may or may not be properly proved. Our tendency to accept claims in mathematics without rational grounds can perhaps be explained by emotion. In Judy Jones and William Wilsons book, An Incomplete Education, there is a reference to Gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½dels Theorem being used to argue that a computer can never be as smart as a human being because the extent of its knowledge is limited by a fixed set of axioms, whereas people can discover unexpected truths. (495) This is a good representation of how emotional qualities can work together with rational criticism in order to establish new truths which may lead to a more subjective approach to mathematics. To further illustrate my point, a panel of referees published Hales proof of Keplers sphere packing conjecture (by packing balls using the face-centred cubic method, it will create the highest average density) even though it was only 99% certain. (par. 13) The acceptance of even the smallest uncertainties, show that reason alone may actually be a hindrance to mathematics because we cannot, or simply do not have the time, to evaluate the truth of every knowledge claim as established before, sometimes these truths cannot be provable. When emotions such as curiosity are present with the reasoning process, mathematicians are able to tweak pre-existing proofs with their own cognitive abilities and although complete certainty may not be achievable, high precision can be obtained. Although math once followed the concept of rigorous proof, modern math has changed. Due to the limitations of deductive reasoning, some mathematicians have claimed that instead of proofs, abstract concepts such as real life situations can be modelled with computer-run experiments. Certainty may still be possible without rigorous proof but as of yet, it is too early to identify the flaws embedded in computer technology.